Should Ministers or Senior Bureaucrats Be Held Accountable for the Department?

Collective and Individual Ministerial Responsibility: Should Ministers or Senior Bureaucrats be Held Accountable for the Department? For years, Canadians have stood by and watched as officials of the Canadian government have been questioned, accused and held up for public scrutiny on issues of misappropriation of funds, personal and public scandals, and inappropriate departmental spending of taxpayers’ dollars. In the public eye, Ministers abused their public authority and were inadequately serving the public.Lack of confidence was evident when election time arrived and voter turnout was dismal at best. In 2008, the lowest voter turnout on record was at 58. 8% and most recently, voter turnout has been 61. 4%, the third lowest in Canadian history. Public perception of government, from Prime Minister down to department clerk, has held a lack of confidence. There was a need for enforceable measures to be put in place to make certain responsibility, answerability and accountabilit y were at the forefront of government ministries.Stephen Harper ran his 2006 â€Å"Stand up Canada† campaign stressing accountability in government. â€Å"For those Canadians seeking accountability the question is clear: which party can deliver the change of government that’s needed to ensure political accountability in Ottawa? We need a change of government to replace old style politics with a new vision. We need to replace a culture of entitlement and corruption with a culture of accountability. We need to replace benefits for a privileged few with government for all. † The mantra paid off and the disheveled Liberal party was ousted from power.Prime Minister Harper promised the Canadian people corruption would end and backroom deals would be history. The first bill tabled by the newly-elected Conservative government, Bill C-2, was the Federal Accountability Act, introduced by President of Treasury Board, John Baird, and was passed by the House of Commons on Ju ne 22, 2006, by the Senate on November 9, 2006, and granted royal assent on December 12, 2006. The Act and Action Plan provided conflict of interest rules, restrictions on election financing and measures respecting administrative transparency, oversight and accountability.Based on Britain’s Westminster model for responsible government, Canada’s Parliament has a responsibility to hold the government to account, as well as all Ministers, collectively and individually. While senior bureaucrats in public service are not directly accountable to Legislature, they are directly accountable to superiors of their department, internal government authorities, and the courts. Accountability should be the responsibility of those who have the greatest opportunity to control departmental situations.Therefore, it is not reasonable to blame Ministers for the actions of their Department, as it is the Deputy Ministers and Senior Bureaucrats who run the day to day operations of Ministerial departments and influence not only the development of policy, but the implementation of policy. At the root of Canada’s parliamentary structure is the British model for a responsible government known as the Westminster model, whereby a Cabinet Minister bears the ultimate responsibility for actions of his Ministry or department.Before a law can be passed, the symbolic monarch, in Canada’s case the Queen, a lower house of members elected by citizens and the upper house of appointed members, must approve legislation. The principle of a collective agreement remains, regardless of how legislation procedures may vary. This doctrine is the principle for a responsible government and accountability is essential to guarantee that an elected official is answerable for actions made. There is no common model for accountability however the Westminster system relies on Ministers being accountable in the House of Commons and to the electorate.The functioning of government management depends on the democratic principle of accountability for all elected officials. Ministers are career politicians and hold the majority of power and authority within the democratic government, after the Prime Minister. At the top of the hierarchy, in the Westminster model, is the Minister, followed by the Deputy Minister, departmental management and then front line public servants. Accountability flows upward and the degree of responsibility depends on how much authority has been delegated to a particular individual within the organization.Accountability enforces and enhances responsibility. Being able to understand each official’s responsibilities, one must recognize there are different components to consider. There are two different types of Ministerial responsibility, collective and individual. These two terms are â€Å"separate but interrelated unwritten rules of behaviour in the operation of parliamentary government. † Collective Ministerial responsibility is a co nstitution convention that dictates the prime Minister and the Cabinet must publicly support all government decisions, or suppress any criticism.In any case a Minister cannot hold true to this, they must object and ask the governor general for the act of ending parliament, if the House of Commons passes a vote of non-confidence. If they are not willing to endure this process, they must announce their resignation. On the other hand, individual responsibility refers to a Minister who holds a Cabinet office, which has the obligation to take responsibility of the policies they introduced. The responsibility still has to be accepted by the Minister â€Å"even if the minster did not approve an action in advance or had no knowledge of it. In a â€Å"nutshell† it means, â€Å"the minster is responsible for everything done in the department. † Major components of individual responsibility consist that Ministers will be held accountable or even forced to resign if any serious a dministrative errors occur within their department. Another traditional component is that the Minister must summarize and be willing to support the actions, to the presence of parliament, which his or her department is pursuing. Governments tend to be left with the messy, complex, and difficult jobs – and the messy, complex, and difficult results are harder to define and measure. † It is hard to pinpoint responsibility in the government, whether it be collectively or individually, because there will always be criticism and complexities arising within parliament due to the difficulty in these jobs. Black and white answers are non-existent when it comes to implementation of policies and procedures on how to run the government and attend to the public.The reasoning behind it is due to the fact that one cannot judge or assess the exact results that will affect both the short and long term outcomes. The path for finding the individual(s) who must be held accountable for said actions may be described as being intricate, because of the difficulty of first finding who is responsible. When looking at the hierarchy within the government, you realize senior bureaucrats have more authority than you are lead to believe.Stephen Harper has tried to pursue to answer these black and white answers by taking the steps to distinguish and strengthen responsibility. Some of Stephen Harper’s initiatives in â€Å"Stand up for Accountability† were strengthen auditing and accountability within departments. The sponsorship scandal first came to light in an internal audit – an audit that the Liberals initially tried to cover up. Under the Liberals, the lines between Ministers and non-partisan civil servants have been blurred, and clear lines of accountability need to be re-established.The Conservative government will give the Comptroller general overall authority for internal audit function in each government department, designate the Deputy Minister of each government department or agency as the Accounting Officer for that department, which that Deputy will be responsible to Parliament for the departmental spending and administrative practices of his or her department. Also, in the event of a disagreement between a Minister and Deputy Minister on a matter of administration, the Minister must provide written instruction to the Deputy Minister and notify the Auditor General and Comptroller General of the disagreement.The position of Deputy Minister in the Canadian government is one of the most contentious and vital appointments. Their responsibilities are both political and non-partisan as they function between the non-partisan civil service and the political realm of executive and elected officials and executives. Deputy Ministers are accountable to the Minister, the government, their Ministry, agencies, and Parliament. They provide Ministers advice that comes from the civil service, and they also â€Å"carry out† any delega tions of authority that come from the Minister.Appointment to Deputy Minister is at the Prime Minister’s discretion and likewise, being relieved of their duties is the same, at the Prime Minister’s discretion. Senior bureaucrats service the government and as one Deputy Minister stated, â€Å"As soon as he assumes his duties, the Minister signs a delegation of authority for me, and then I become the person responsible to him†¦ and the person in command. † It is a â€Å"relationship full of paradoxes. † â€Å"The most important player in the Canadian political system† are â€Å"extremely busy people. â€Å"Dealing with Prime Minister’s priorities, implementing the government’s agenda, protecting the Minister, networking with other deputies, the provincial governments, and the department’s stakeholders, articulating and promoting the department’s interests, as well as managing political crises can consume much of a D eputy’s ten to twelve hours. † Accountability is always a topic for discussion as senior bureaucrats hinge between political and non-partisan. What is clear is that, â€Å"Deputy Ministers are not accountable to the public or to Parliament. They are accountable to the Prime Minister, and to a lesser extent their Minister, the clerk of the Privy Council, the Treasury Board, and the Public Service Commission. † Overall, [for Deputy Ministers] â€Å"the lines of accountability are not clear nor are performance measurements, despite extensive literature that shows how difficult it is to evaluate performance in government. † Government hierarchy stature insists that the higher power be held accountable, although it should not always be the case.Cabinet Minister, appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen, are the head of government departments. Each department has some type of specialization, whether it is law, trade, foreign affairs, or finance. These members of parliament are chosen for their portfolio because they are supposed to be the â€Å"best qualified† to assist the prime Minister in running the country of Canada. However, the reality is that most are chosen either because of a personal relationship with the prime Minister, or because they lend the right balance to the Cabinet as far as ethnicity, gender or geographic location.As a result, the Minister’s appointment can be disguised as â€Å"qualified† thus leaving the Canadian people with a false hope that they are right for the job. Most Cabinet Ministers are not qualified to handle the department, mentally or intellectually, and rely heavily on the Deputy Minister to handle the day-to-day operations. â€Å"It is Deputies and not Ministers who actually manage the departments of government. And that’s the way it should be. Ministers have neither the time nor (as a rule) the skills to manage large institutions. Furthermore, senior bureau crats hold office impartially, over the years serving different political parties, and are qualified bureaucrats with a considerable amount of knowledge, experience and time served. Regardless of who is in office, a Deputy Minister must be neutral and non-partisan in order to get all bureaucrats to achieve the goals of the Minister and the ruling party. As leading management under the Minister, there is ample opportunity and authority for senior bureaucrats to alter the vision bestowed upon the department by the Minister and change opinions and actions of the other bureaucrats.Senior bureaucrats are allocated to manage and administer directly under the law, because of these expectations, Parliament should hold them accountable for the performance of their duties and implementing their authority. The article about authority and accountability has given great insight and is the most compelling when determining how officials are elected and the real responsibilities each department/ind ividuals carry. Not only does the article show the specific details to being a Cabinet Minister, but also talks about the civil servants and the Privy Council Office.The Privy Council Office (PVO) is the highest ranking bureaucratic agency in Canada, very important and powerful, and the Clerk of the Privy Council, known as the â€Å"Secretary to Cabinet† is head of the public service of Canada. The Clerk serves as the â€Å"spokesman of the bureaucracy† to the executive branch in the Canadian government and is appointed by the Prime Minister. One duty is to swear in the Prime Minister, which is somewhat of a symbolic gesture confirming the relationship between the two offices.Like the Deputy Ministers, the Privy Council Office is supposed to be non-partisan, and their advice and recommendations are technical and professional in nature. The Prime Minister is not always in favor of the PVO and has his own alternative organization, the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) , headed by the Prime  Minister’s  Chief of Staff, which advises and coordinates the Cabinet and bureaucracy mostly on the basis  of ideology, partisanship, political strategy and public image.Since the PVO and the PMO have two significantly different objectives, it is safe to say the two networks of advisers do not always get along. The PMO has eclipsed the PCO in terms of relevance and power, and the question is whether the era of non-partisan advisers is over. Much of this was due to the perception amongst many in the public, and some members of parliament, that â€Å"the executive had rule over Parliament, but the civil service had rule over the executive. â€Å"Governments indiscriminately added functions, tasks, and accountability requirements to the machinery of governments without rewriting the traditional bargain. † Further, â€Å"governments now tend to concentrate some policy and decision-making authority with a few key officials, who carry an unmana geable burden, but they also defuse authority on other issues to the point that accountability evaporates. † The problem can be summarized as follows: â€Å"Political and policy actors have lost the sense of the traditional space that they are expected to occupy.MPs no longer call the government to account; Ministers are not making policy; the prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s Office, the Privy Council Office, and a handful of senior Ministers now fill more functions than they should; and the public service is increasingly uncertain about its role in policy and management. † Bureaucrats administer and implement the laws and policies of the Government of Canada and, in that capacity, should not act unethically even if they believe what they are doing is justifiable.The sponsorship scandal, under the Liberal Government, was a good indicator that the public does not accept anyone in power act unethically in order to promote unity amongst the nation. Canadians wer e outraged that trust was abused and ending the Liberal reign sent a loud message that the end does not justify the means when tampering with public interest. Bureaucrats have to embrace their role and not blindly follow their Minister’s wishes or never say anything negative about the position they hold. Senior bureaucrats need to be accountable for their actions and their recommendations.If they come under fire, they cannot be shuffled off to another Ministry until the storm passes and they cannot hid behind their superior to take blame for wrongdoings they may have initiated or caused. As the Clerk of the Privy Council observed in the Twelfth Annual Report to the Prime Minister on the Pubic Service of Canada, â€Å"We cannot tolerate breaches of the law or of our core value and ethics†¦but we cannot build systems based on distrust. We cannot go backwards, building layers of hierarchy and rules governing each transaction. And we cannot treat all errors the same way.Err ors made in good faith are inevitable, especially in an organization that values innovation and creativity. Accountability requires that we report honestly and accurately, including the errors, and demonstrate that we have learned from the mistakes and have made the necessary adjustments. But accountability cannot become mere blaming. † Evidently, Canadians are concerned with the accountability held within the government. Although there are a number of institutional checks and preventive measure, they lack improvement and overall outcomes.Other counties have tampered and improved their accountability through various laws and initiative, logically Canadian should consider replicating their process. Thus, government individuals should be held responsible and ultimately accountable if they have the best opportunity to alter their department substantially. Through various studies, one can conclude that senior bureaucrats are the ideal representatives to impose and instill changes within their departments, as well as the whole government.Senior bureaucrats have three main ethical responsibilities as public servants: First, they are responsible to act non-partisan when carrying out or implementation of policies. Second, they are seen as trustees for the Canadian citizens and, therefore, they have a fiduciary responsibility not to abuse their trust. Third, their duty is to account for both their activities and decisions. It is extremely easy for the public to make Minister’s obvious scapegoats and set them up for criticism and ridicule due to their position on the hierarchy.As depicted, senior bureaucrats are the officials with the most responsibility and hands-on participation within their department, managing personnel, implementing policies and ensuring the public interest’s are met on a daily basis. Regardless of how long a Minister holds his portfolio or is in power, it is the senior bureaucrat who maintains their position and ensures their M inister is held in high esteem with informed and experienced expertise about departmental operations.Through traces of systematic accountability, failures demonstrated within the government leads one to conclude that the political outcomes remain the same because the solutions come from the same sphere. Work Cited Barker, P. 2008. Public Administration in Canada. (Breif ed. , p. 75). Thomson Canada Limited Bourgault, Jacques. â€Å"The Deputy Minister’s Role in the Government of Canada:? His responsibilities and His Accountability. Ottawa: Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities, 2006 â€Å"Federal Accountability Act. † Department of Justice. (2006). http://laws-lois. ustice. gc. ca/eng/acts/F-5. 5/page-1. html (accessed July 12, 2012). Harper, Stephen. â€Å"Conservative Party of Canada Federal Election Platform. † Stand Up for Canada. (2006). http://www. cbc. ca/canadavotes2006/leadersparties/pdf/conservative_platform2006 0113. pdf (accessed July 7, 2012). â€Å"Leadership of the Prime Minister's Office. † Parliament of Canada. (1867). http://www. parl. gc. ca/parlinfo/compilations/federalgovernment/PrincipalSecretaries. aspx (accessed July 14, 2012). Mitchell, James. â€Å"Authority and Accountability: Reflections on the Gomery Project. † Authority and Accountability. 2006). https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:GOZMy1NFFsgJ:www. sussexcircle. com/pdf/020-Authority&Accountability. pdf &hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjm7kZ3AA0QiX70tXxByNLjoEbXx0roBI3x9NvKnl8a8JMKU1107T1MOioQzsFdHy4cuUndPyvRd5vGwvZohdqmZCzpqAEA8Zr4q3TQfRyXWivb90p3DMRRJRRd6ykvc8AXwm6z&sig=AHIEtbRagPHJJ_7fhv5zDOT9NC8IwgwrGw (accessed July 11, 2012). Mulgan, Richard . â€Å"The accountability of Community Sector Agencies: a comparative framework. † (2001). http://www. hapinternational. org/pool/files/acctcommsect. pdf (accessed July 11, 2012). Pomfret, R. Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendumsâ₠¬ . Elections Canada Online. Elections Canada. (accessed February 10, 2012). Savoie, Donald. Breaking the Bargain: Public Servants, Ministers, and Parliament. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. â€Å"Twelfth annual report to the Prime Minister on the Public Service of Canada. † Clerk of the Privy Council. (2005). http://www. clerk. gc. ca/eng/feature. asp? mode=preview;pageId=201 (accessed July 12, 2012). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Pomfret, R. â€Å"Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums†.Elections Canada Online. Elections Canada. Retrieved February 10, 2012. [ 2 ]. Harper, Stephen. â€Å"Conservative Party of Canada Federal Election Platform. † Stand Up for Canada. (2006). http://www. cbc. ca/canadavotes2006/leadersparties/pdf/conservative_platform20060113. pdf (accessed July 7, 2012). [ 3 ]. â€Å"Federal Accountability Act. † Depar tment of Justice. (2006). http://laws-lois. justice. gc. ca/eng/acts/F-5. 5/page-1. html (accessed July 12, 2012). [ 4 ]. â€Å"Federal Accountability Act. † Department of Justice. (2006). http://laws-lois. justice. gc. ca/eng/acts/F-5. 5/page-1. html (accessed

Primary Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

The shoulder encroachment syndrome is one of the most common cause of hurting and disfunction in the jocks shoulder. Primary shoulder encroachment syndrome can happen in anyone who repeatedly or forcefully uses the upper appendage in an elevated place. The patho-mechanics of this syndrome implicate activities that repetitively place the arm in over caput places. Majority of jocks who manifest this status take part in baseball, swimming, cricket and tennis, but it is by no agencies confined to these athleticss. Repeated compaction of the subacromial contents causes micro-pockets of harm which finally summate as the activity is persisted with. Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The resulting inflammatory reaction involves vascular congestion and hydrops into the sinew or Bursa which farther reduces the infinite beneath the coraco-acromial arch. This consequences in hurting that interferes with normal biomechanics of the shoulder b y doing musculus encroachment and compensatory motions or positions. The importance of its acknowledgment is that encroachment is frequently a progressive status that, if recognized and treated early, can hold a more favourable result. Delay in acknowledgment and intervention can let secondary alterations to happen, with attendant restrictions in intervention options and functional results. 1.2 FOUR STAGES OF IMPINGEMENT Ninety-five per centum of rotator turnup cryings are initiated by impingement wear instead than by circulative damage or injury. The phases embracing the encroachment syndrome has been described. They are: Phase I: Edema and swelling due to overdrive tendonitis. Phase two: Thickening and fibrosis of the sinew. Phase three: Complete thickness lacrimation and bone alterations dwelling of induration or spurring along the anterior acromial process excursing on the greater tubercle with subcortical cystic lesion. Phase IV: Entire tear which lead to superior and anterior instability. 1.3 Mechanical Factor Capsular stringency appears to be a common mechanical job in primary impingement syndrome. The buttocks, anterior and inferior parts of the capsule have been reported to be involved in this. Athletes or persons who avoid painful overhead activity or who are subjected to gesture instabilities as a consequence of their athleticss can develop capsular stringency. During the period of antalgic turning away or imbalanced motion, capsular connective tissue can lose the ability to lengthen due to reduced critical fibre distance and unnatural collagen fiber cross-linking. As a consequence of unnatural orientation between fibres, their ability to glide is impaired, taking to joint stiffness. Capsular stringency and consequent restricted joint mobility can forestall opposite way humeral caput semivowel taking to an earlier oncoming or greater grade of subacromial compaction and painful or limited map, peculiarly in elevated planes of motion. 1.4 THE Magnitude The magnitude of the job is attested by the fact that 30 to 60 per centum of competitory swimmers and 25 per centum of base ball hurlers incur this malady at some point during their callings. The significance of the shoulder encroachment syndrome is that if it is allowed to come on to a point at which surgical intercession is required, really few jocks of all time return to their pre-injury degree of competition. Recognition of the syndrome and early non-operative intercession are indispensable for a successful declaration and the return of jocks to their accustomed degree of public presentation. Most jocks start take parting in athleticss when they are comparatively immature. By adolescence, many would hold experienced the symptoms. The mean competitory swimmer puts each arm through some 1.5 million shots per twelvemonth over a calling that may last 8 to 15 old ages ; baseball hurlers might throw every bit many as 15,000 pitches per twelvemonth, most of those at really high velocities. It is small admiration that these shoulders finally wear out and go painful. Normally known as â€Å" bursitis † , â€Å" cuffitis † , or â€Å" supraspinatus syndrome † , impingement syndrome is by far the most common soft tissue hurt of the shoulder for which an jock seeks intervention. 1.5 OVERUSE INJURIES: AN OUTLINE Overuse hurts in jocks are more common than traumatic and post surgical hurts to shoulder. The joint by structural default via medias on stableness for the interest of mobility. This poses a complex interaction of laxness, rotator cuff hurt ( Tensile tendonitis ) and impingement hurts ( Compression tendonitis ) taking to syndrome doing functional restriction. The etiology once more is attributed to patho-mechanics and can be classified into primary and secondary causes. Primary Causes: 1. Extremes of Range are used. 2. High forces are developed. 3. High repeat rates. Secondary causes: 1. Impingement beneath coraco- acromial arch. 2. Poor training/ conditioning. 3. Poor technique in athletics motion. 4. Poor vascularity of turnup sinews. 5. Muscle strength instability. 6. Muscle stamina instability. 7. Hypomobility. 8. Hyper mobility. 9. Protection of other injured country ( s ) . 10. Interplay of above. 1.6 PHATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TENDINITIS TENSILE TENDINITIS Tendon map is to convey contractile force of affiliated musculus to cram, facia or other constructions to which it is inserted. Thus it is structured to defy tensile forces applied parallel with the collagen packages of which it is composed. Compressive and shearing forces are ill transmitted. The crosslink construction of tropocollagen molecules contributes to strength of burden sharing agreement. If the tensile force strains the fibres to beyond 8-10 % of their resting length, the cross nexus fails and if continued causes harm and rupture depending on strength of force. In these patients eccentric lading may be rather harmful though biceps and triceps tendinitis respond favourably to eccentric burden. It is non indicated in supraspinatus tendonitis. ( Curwin and Stanish 1984 ) . IMPINGEMENT TENDINITIS Here direct compaction forces cause mechanical injury in add-on to any tensile overloading. This is more likely to do physical harm to existent collagen construction in add-on to tensile failure. Elevation of arm involves matching of forces around the shoulder blade and across the glenohumeral articulation. Activity of the rotator turnup controls the stableness of the humeral caput as the larger musculuss raise the arm. The tendon interpolation angle of some of the turnup musculuss allow them to lend a downward force to the humeral caput, viz. the teres minor, subscapularis and lower infraspinatus. If these musculuss are inhibited by hurting or weakened due to chronic nursing of a sore shoulder, superior migration of the humeral caput will happen to a greater grade, with attendant addition in subacromial encroachment.This gives the character of chronicity and patterned advance of the syndrome to inadequate and inappropriate intervention. 1.7 NEED FOR STUDY The intent of this survey was to measure whether the joint mobilisation as a constituent of comprehensive intervention provided any added effectivity in cut downing hurting and bettering active gesture and map in patients with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in over caput events. The specific hypotheses were that patients diagnosed with primary shoulder encroachment syndrome, treated with manual joint mobilisation combined with hot battalions, active scope of gesture, physiologic stretching, musculus strengthening exercisings, soft tissue mobilisation and patient instruction would see: Less hurting strength upon subacromial compaction testing. Greater active scope of gesture. The principle behind usage of mobilisation in shoulder encroachment syndrome is that it decreases capsular limitation and reduces redness when little amplitude motions are given. 1.8 INCLUSION CRITERIA Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. Active scope of gesture shortages in humeral lift. Painful subacromial compaction. Limited functional motion forms in an elevated place. In some instances, clinical trials were supplemented with information from physician-interpreted X raies, MRI and CT scan surveies. Age 15-22 old ages. Male gender. 1.9 EXCLUSION CRITERIA Upper quarter-circle glade tests are done to govern out cervical, cubitus, carpus & A ; manus engagement. Shoulder instability. Primary shoulder blade thoracic disfunction. Phase 2nd and 3rd adhesive capsulitis. Third degree musculotendinious cryings. Advanced calcific tendonitis or bursitis. Severe devolution bony or ligaments alterations. Neurological engagement. Advanced acromioclavicular articulation disease. Unstable break of humerus, shoulder blade & A ; collarbone. 1.10 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The usage of mobilisation as a portion of comprehensive rehabilitation attention is still non in trend and my survey aims to sketch the benefits of integrating it into intervention governments. There are merely few surveies done in this peculiar country and needs more nonsubjective findings. It is this dearth my survey aims to bridge. 1.11 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aim of the survey is to measure the consequence of joint mobilisation as a constituent of comprehensive intervention for primary shoulder encroachment syndrome in footings of early recovery, fast return to functional activities when compared to conventional physical therapy devoid of mobilisation. 1.12 Premise The pre and station values of scope of gesture and trouble graduated table should demo a proportionate alteration in the functional result with a high correlativity. 1.13 PROJECTED OUTCOMEâ€Å" Joint MOBILIZATION UNDER DIRECT PHYSIOTHERAPY SUPERVISION DOES HAVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OVER CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT AS FAR AS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY IS CONCERNED †1.14 THE HYPOTHESIS The void hypothesis for the survey is stated as followsâ€Å" There is no important difference in the result between conventional physical therapy intercession and joint mobilisation techniques in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome † .The alternate hypothesis is stated as follows in conformity with the projected resultâ€Å" Joint mobilisation under direct physical therapy supervising does hold important alterations over conventional intervention every bit far as functional recovery is concerned † .REVIEW OF LITERATURE The reappraisal for this survey was carried out in three countries viz: Effectss of conservative intervention in shoulder encroachment syndrome. Diagnosis of shoulder encroachment syndrome. Epidemiologic surveies on shoulder encroachment syndrome and possible surgical intercessions. 2.1 EFFECTS OF CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT IN SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. Douglas E. Conroy and Karen W Hayes in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the topics having joint mobilisation and comprehensive intervention would hold improved mobility and map compared to similar patients having comprehensive intervention entirely. The following survey was indiscriminately assigned to experimental and command groups. Three blinded judges tested 24-hour hurting ( ocular parallel graduated table ) , pain with subacromial compaction trial, active scope of gesture ( goniometry ) and map ( making frontward, behind the caput and across the organic structure in over head place ) before and after 9 interventions. Age, side of laterality, continuance of symptoms, intervention attending, exercise quality and attachment had no consequence on the result. In this assignment, the experimental group improved on all variables, while the control group improved merely on mobility and map. Mobilization decr eased 24-hour hurting and hurting with subacromial compaction trial in patients with primary encroachment Syndrome. ( J Orthop Sports Phys. Ther. Mar 1998 ) . Hawkynss RJ and Hobeika PE in their article on â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the athlete shoulder † have once and for all stated that the impingement syndrome may slop over at any clip to affect the next biceps tendon, subacromical Bursa and acromio-claviular articulation and as a continuum, with the transition of clip, may eventuate in devolution and partial, even complete thickness, rotator turnup cryings subsequently in life. They besides recommend careful warm-up exercisings, occasional remainder by avoiding piquing motion and local modes of ice, ultrasound and transcutantaneous stimulation along with pharmacotherapy. They besides province surgical decompression and unequivocal acromioplasty could be performed. ( Cl. Sports. Med. Jul 1983 ) . Bak K and Magnusson SP have emphasized that internal rotary motion might be much more affected than the external rotary motion which might do superior migration of humeral caput. They besides province that scope of gesture in shoulder demand non correlate with the happening of shoulder hurting. ( Am. J. Sport Med, Jul 1997 ) . Homes CF and associates of University of Arkansas have concluded that intensive patient instruction, place plan, curative exercisings and specific manual mobilisation has better patient conformity and lesser abnormalcies on nonsubjective scrutiny after 1 year. ( J.Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. Dec 1997 ) . McCann PD and Bigliani LU in their article on â€Å" Shoulder hurting in tennis participants † has emphasized rotator turnup and scapular musculus strengthening and surgical stabilisation of the capsulo-labral composite for patients who fail rehabilitation plan. Prevention of hurt in tennis participants seem to depend upon flexibleness, strength and synchronism among the gleno-humeral and scapular musculuss. ( Sports Med. Jan 1994 ) . Carpenter JE et al. , in their article in MDX wellness digest have found out that there is an addition in threshold for motion proprioception by 73 % . This lessening in proprioceptive esthesis might play a critical function in diminishing athletic public presentation and in weariness related disfunction. Thought it is still dubious if developing improves the perceptual experience, this is an of import determination that has farfetched deductions in the intervention of shoulder impingement syndrome as weariness might be rather common with the lessening vascularity and injury to the construction of rotator turnup. ( Am. J. Sports Med Mar 1998 ) . Scheib JS from university of Tennessee Medical Center has stated that overexploitation sydromes mandate remainder and control of redness through drugs and physical modes. He prescribed a gradual patterned advance of beef uping plan and any return of symptoms should be adequately and quickly appraised and treated. He emphasized that proper conservative intervention entirely prevents patterned advance of impingement syndromes. ( Rheum. Dis. Clin. North.Am Nov 1990 ) . Morrrison DS and collegues have shown that non operative intervention of shoulder encroachment syndrome resulted in important betterments. In their survey of 413 patients 67 % had a good recovery while 28 % had to travel for arthroscopic processs. Further age, gender and attendant tenderness of acromio-clavicular articulation did non impact the result significantly. ( J.Bone and Joint Surg. Am. May 1997 ) . Brewer BJ has documented a structural alteration of the greater tubercle and progressive devolution of all elements of the sinewy constructions that is age related with progressive ( 1 ) osteitis of the greater tubercle, cystic devolution, and abnormality of the cortical border ; ( 2 ) degenerative sulcus between the greater tubercle and the articular surface ; ( 3 ) break of the unity of the fond regard of the sinew to the bone by Sharpey ‘s fibres ; ( 4 ) loss of cellularity, loss of staining quality, and atomization of the sinew ; ( 5 ) decline of the vascularity of the sinew ; and ( 6 ) dimmunition of fibrocartiage. ( Am J Sports Med, Mar-Apr 1979 ) . Kinger A et al. , stated that volleyball participants have a different muscular and capsular form at the playing shoulder compared to the opposite shoulder. Their playing shoulder is depressed, the scapular lateralized, the dorsal musculuss and the buttocks and inferior portion of the shoulder capsule shortened. These differences were of more significance in volleyball participants with shoulder hurting than in volleyball participants without shoulder hurting. Muscular balance of the shoulder girdle is really of import in this athletics. It is hence imperative to include equal stretching and muscular preparation plan for the bar, every bit good as for therapy, of shoulder hurting in volleyball participants. ( Br J Sports Med, Sep 1996 ) . Jobe FW, Kvitne RS, Giangarra CE in their article â€Å" shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete- the relationship of anterior instability and rotator turnup encroachment † , shoulder hurting in the overhand or throwing athlete can frequently be traced to the stabilising mechanisms of the glenohumeral articulation. Neer CS, Craig EV, Fukuda H: Following a monolithic tear of the rotator turnup there is inaction and neglect of the shoulder, leaking of the synovial fluid, and instability of the humeral caput. These events in bend consequence in both nutritionary and mechanical factors that cause wasting of the glenohumeral articular gristle and oesteoporosis of the subchondral bone of the humeral caput. A monolithic tear besides allows the humeral caput to be displaced upward, doing subacromial encroachment that in clip erodes the anterior part of the acromial process and the acromioclavicular articulation. Finally the soft, atrophic caput prostrations, bring forthing the complete syndrome of cuff-tear arthropathy. They besides recognized cuff-tear arthopathy as a distinguishable pathological entity, as such acknowledgment enhances our apprehension of the more common impingement lesions. ( J bone Joint Surg [ Am ] , Dec 1983 ) . Flatow EL and associates of Orthopaedic Research Laboratoty, New York Orthopaedic Hospital, on the biomechanics of humerus with acromial process provinces that contact starts at the anterolateral border of the acromial process at 0 grades of lift, it shifts medially with arm lift. On the humeral surface, contact displacements from proximal to distal on the supraspinatus sinew with arm lift. When external rotary motion is decreased, distal and posterior displacement in contact is noted. Acromial bottom and rotator turnup sinews are in closest propinquity between 60 grades and 120 grades of lift ; contact was systematically more marked for type III acromial processs. Mean acromiohumeral interval was 11.1 millimeter at 0 grades of lift and decreased to 5.7 millimeters at 90 grades, when greater tubercle was closest to the acromial process. Contact centres on the supraspinatus interpolation, proposing altered jaunt of the greater tubercle may ab initio damage this rotator turnup part. Co nditionss restricting external rotary motion or lift may besides increase rotator cuff compaction. Marked addition in contact with Type III acromial processs supports the function of anterior acromioplasty when clinically indicated, normally in older patients with primary encroachment. ( Am J Sports Med, Nov-Dec 1994 ) . Hawkins RJ, Abrams JS in â€Å" Impingement syndrome in the absence of rotator turnup tear ( stages 1 and 2 ) † lay accent on prophylaxis in bad populations, such as hurlers and swimmers. Once symptoms occur, the bulk can be successfully managed with nonoperative steps. Prolonged failure of conservative attention prior to rotator turnup tear requires surgical decompression with predictable success in most. ( Orthop clin North Am, Jul 1994 ) . Hjelm R, Draper C, Spencer S supported the construct that capsular ligament non merely supply restraint, but are specifically oriented to steer and focus on the humeral caput on the glenoid during shoulder motions. Glenohumeral ligament length inadequacy can be the primary cause of shoulder hurting, runing from frozen shoulder to impingement like symptoms. Proper capsular ligament length can be restored with manual techniques. All patients with shoulder hurting should hold capsular ligament appraisal to guarantee proper glenohumeral mechanics. ( J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, Mar 1996 ) . 2.2. DIAGNOSIS OF SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME. Read JW and Perko M concluded that ultrasound is a sensitive and accurate method of placing patients with full thickness cryings of the rotator turnup, extracapsular biceps tendon pathology or both. Dynamic ultrasound can assist corroborate but non except the clinical diagnosing of encroachment. ( J.Shoulder elbow surgery may 1998 ) . Masala S et al. , in their survey on impingement syndrome of shoulder have proved that CT and MRI are more dependable and accurate diagnostic methods. CT scan is sensitive to even cold-shoulder bony alterations and MRI detects tendon, Bursa and rotator turnup alterations. However they suggest obviously X raies to be performed as a first process. ( Radiol. Med Jan 1995 ) . This thought of MRI being sensitive to name encroachment has besides been confirmed by Rossi F ( Eur.J.Radiol. May 1998 ) . However, Holder J has concluded that distinction between tendinopathy and partial cryings might be hard utilizing MRI imagination. ( Radiologe Dec 1996 ) . Corso G has emphasized the usage of impingement alleviation trial as an adjunctive process to traditional assesement of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. This purportedly helps in insulating the primary tissue lesion. Such that conservative direction could be addressed to that specific construction ( J.ortho. Phys Ther, Nov 1995 ) . Brossmann J and collegues from the veterans disposal medical centre of California have stated that MR imagination of different shoulder places may assist uncover the pathogenesis of shoulder encroachment Syndrome. ( AJR Am. J Roentgenol. Dec 1996 ) . Deutsch A, Altcheck DW et al. , have shown that patients with phase II and phase III encroachment had a larger scapulothoracic constituent than the normal shoulder during abduction motion. The superior migration of humeral caput is likely the consequence of turnup failure, either partial or complete. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME AND POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS. An epidemiological survey on shoulder encroachment syndrome by Lo YP, Hsu YC and Chan KM in 372 participants found that 163 individuals ( 43.8 % ) had shoulder jobs and 109 participants ( 29 % ) had shoulder hurting. The prevalence of shoulder hurting ranked highest among volley ball participants ( N= 28 ) followed by swimmers ( N= 22 ) while badminton, hoops and tennis participants were every bit affected ( N= 10 ) . ( Br.J.Sports Med, sep 1990 ) Fluerst Ml has stated impingement syndrome to be one among the 10 most common athleticss hurts and impute it to unstable design of the joint. He suggests exercising to rotator turnup beef uping to keep the shoulder in topographic point and forestalling disruptions ( American Health Oct 1994 ) . Fu FH, Harner CD and Klein AH classifies encroachment into 2 classs Primary and Secondary. Primary being caused by nonathletic hurts of supraspinatus sinew while secondary is caused by athletic hurts due to unstable forms of motion ( nerve-racking and end scopes ) . This they concluded will enable better clinical attacks. ( Clin. Orthop Aug 1991 ) . Brox JL, Staff PH, Ljunggren AE & A ; Brevik JL used Neer shoulder mark and found that surgery and supervised exercising plan decidedly had an improved rotary motion when compared to placebo intervention. ( BMJ Oct 1993 ) . Burns Tp, turba JE found that after arthroscopic subacromial decompression mean clip for return to college degree competitions was 6.6 months. However no infection or neurovascular complications were found. ( Am.J. Sports Med. Jan 1992 ) . Blevins FT has suggested categorization of rotator cuff hurt and disfunction based on etiology as primary encroachment, primary tensile overload and secondary encroachment and tensile overload ensuing from glenohumeral instability. Arthoscopic scrutiny shows anterior capsular laxness ( positive â€Å" thrust through mark † ) every bit good as superior posterior labral and cuff hurt typical of internal encroachment. If rehabilitation entirely is non successful a capsulolabral fix followed by rehabilitation may let the jock to return to their old degree of competition. Athletes with acute episodes of macrotrauma to the shoulder ensuing in turnup pathology normally presents with hurting, limited active lift and a positive â€Å" shrug-sign † . Arthroscopy and debridement of thickened, inflamed or scarred subacromial Bursa with cuff fix or debridement as indicated is normally successful in those who do non react to a rehabilitation plan. ( Sports Med.1997 ) . MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The patients were selected based on an initial baseline appraisal and conformation of their diagnosing. The survey design was pretest /posttest control group design. Control group did non undergo mobilisation but underwent all physical therapy steps. Experimental group underwent mobilisation in add-on to the conventional rehabilitation intercessions. 3.1 SUBJECTS Inclusion standards: All patients were males and belonged to age group of 15-22 old ages. The patients were chiefly diagnosed and evaluated by orthopaedic sawboness and referred to physiotherapy section. All topics who were diagnosed to hold an sole shoulder encroachment syndrome were selected based on symptoms like: Pain about the superolateral shoulder part. Active scope of gesture shortage in humeral lift. Painful subacromial compaction Limited functional motion forms in elevated places. Exclusion standards: 1. History of capsular, ligament, sinew and labrum hurts. 2. Any recent surgeries carried out in and around shoulder articulation. 3. Any neurovascular comorbidities of the involved upper appendage. 4. Any pathology around the shoulder like periarthritis, calcified tendonitis, stop dead shoulders, AC arthritis etc. 3.2 ASSESSMENT TOOLS USED: 1. Assessment Chart 2. Ocular Analog graduated table 3. Goniometry 4. Functional Assessment Scale Visual Analogue graduated table in per centum 40-60 % 60-80 % 80-100 % Least Pain Max. Pain Functional Assessment Scale Reach TO EXTERNAL OCCIPITAL PROTUBERANCE CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make Reach OVERHEAD 135a- ¦ CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make REACHING SPINOUS Procedure CAN Make CAN Make WITH PAIN CAN NOT Make GONIOMETRY Measurements Active and inactive scope of gestures for shoulder: Abduction, flexure, internal and external rotary motions were measured and recorded utilizing standard goniometer. SHOULDER EVALUATION CHART Name: Age: Sexual activity: Occupation: Chief Ailments: PAST MEDICAL History: PRESENT MEDICAL HISTORY: ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS: Inspection: ANY MASS OR Swelling Stain Deformity Scars ATROPHY ( GIRTH MEASUREMENT ) Palpation Multitude Tenderness Heat Examination RANGE OF MOTION ACTIVE RANGE OF MOTION: PASSIVE RANGE OF MOTION: Motion PRE-TREATMENT POST TREATMENT Flexure Abduction INTERNAL ROTATION EXTERNAL ROTATION PAIN ASSESSMENT Type Site Side AGGRAVATING Factor RELIEVING Factor 3.3METHODOLOGY In this survey the statistic used to compare the control and experimental group was Independent t-test. The Campbell and Stanley notation for the design is as follows: 0 x1 0 0 x2 0 Where, 0 is observation and ten represents intercession ( X1-physical therapy without mobilisation and X2-intervention with mobilisation ) . The t-test was performed utilizing the expression for independent t-test which is as follows: Where X1 – Mean of the control group X2 – Mean of the experimental group S1 – Std.deviation of control group S2 – Std.deviation of experimental group N1 -No.of patients in control group N2 – No.of patients in experimental group TI ± for N-1 grades of freedom for t13=2.16 IMPINGEMENT REHABILITATION PROTOCOL Impingement is a chronic inflammatory procedure produced as the Rotator turnup musculuss ( supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor and subscapularis ) and the subdeltoid Bursa are pinched against the coracoacromial ligament and the anterior acromial process when the discharge is raised above 80 grades. The supraspinatous/infraspinatous part of the rotator turnup is the most common country of encroachment. This syndrome is normally seen in throwing athleticss, racquet athleticss and in swimmers ; but can be present in anyone who uses their arm repetitively in a place over 90 grades of lift. This three phased plan can be utilized for both conservative and surgical encroachment clients. The protocol serves as a usher to achieve maximal map in a minimum clip period. This systematic attack allows specific ends and standards to be met and ensures the safe patterned advance of the rehabilitation procedure. PHASES OF REHABILITATION PHASE 1: MAXIMAL PROTECTION ACUTE STAGE Goals: 1. Relieve hurting and puffiness 2. Decrease redness 3. Retard musculus wasting 4. Maintain/increase flexibleness Technique: Active remainder Hot battalions Mobilizations: GradeI/II Inferior and posterior semivowels in scapular plane Additional local modes: Ten Pendulum exercisings AAROM-Limited symptom-free available scope Rope and block flexure T-Bar flexure and impersonal external rotary motion Isometrics-Submaximal External and internal rotary motion, biceps, deltoid Patient instruction Sing: activity, pathology and turning away of overhead activity, making and raising activities. GUIDES FOR PROGRESSION: 1. Decreased hurting and/or symptoms 2. Read-only memory increased 3. Painful discharge in abduction merely 4. Muscular map improved PHASE II: MOTION PHASE-SUBACUTE PHASE Goals: 1. Re-establish non-painful Read-only memory 2. Normalize arthrokinematics of shoulder composite 3. Retard muscular wasting without aggravation Technique: Hot battalions Ultrasound/phonophorosis Mobilizations: Grade II/IV Inferior, anterior and posterior semivowels Combined semivowels as requires Anterior and posterior capsular stretching Scapulothoracic strengthening exercisings Continue isometrics AAROM: Rope and block: Flexure Abduction, symptom free gesture T-bar lift: Flexure Abduction, symptom free gesture External rotary motion in 45o of abduction, advancement to 90o abduction. Internal rotary motion in 45o of abduction, advancement to 90o abduction. GUIDE FOR PROGRESSION: Get down to integrate intermediate strengthening exercisings as: Pain or symptoms lessenings AAROM normalizes Muscular strength improves PHASE III: Intermediate Strengthening Phase Goals: Normalized Read-only memory Symptom-free normal activities Improved muscular public presentation Aggressive T-Bar AAROM all planes Continue self capsular stretching ( anterior/posterior ) Chair imperativeness Initiate isosmotic Dumbbell plan: Sideling impersonal: Internal rotary motion External rotary motion Prone: Extension Horizontal abduction Standing: Flexure to 90o Abduction to 90o Supraspinatous Serratus exercises-wall push-ups Initiate tubing patterned advance in little abduction for internal/external rotary motion. GUIDES FOR PROGRESSION: Full non-painful ROM No pain/tenderness 70 % contra-lateral strength The whole protocol covers about 12 hebdomads for every patients and the patient is progressed through the assorted stages in conformity with the symptoms. The control group was non given mobilisation while experimental group went through the same protocol along with appropriate magnitude of joint mobilisation. 5.1 RANGE OF MOTION Flexure: The control group had a average betterment of 17.5A ±5.84 while the experimental group showed a 32.57A ±6 betterment. The t-test performed between them showed extremely important figures with t=6.73 at p-0.05. Abduction: Here the control group had an betterment of 56.57A ±10.06 as against the experimental group betterment of 79.21A ±10.64. The t-test was performed and showed a t-value of 5.78 at p=0.05. Internal rotary motion and external rotary motion: Experimental group showed greater betterment compared to command group with 27.21A ±7.8, 11.14A ±5.1 severally for internal rotary motion. The external rotary motion showed 36.92A ±5.95 for experimental group and for control group it showed merely 20.85A ±8.5. The t-values calculated showed 6.45 and 5.81 for internal and external rotary motions severally which are statistically important. 5.2 Pain There was important lessening in hurting in both the groups as observed. The control group showed a average lessening of44.38A ±8.5 % .The t-values calculated to compare them showed a value of 4.18 at p=0.05. Based on the independent t-test performed for 5 variables in pre-test and post-test control group design we conclude that there is important betterment in the symptomatology and addition of functional activities with joint mobilisation in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Therefore the void hypothesis is rejected and therefore the alternate hypothesis is accepted. So shoulder joint mobilisation is proven to be effectual in the overall rehabilitation of shoulder encroachment syndrome. The undermentioned tabular arraies show the functional recovery forms in the samples selected in the control and experimental group. 6. Discussion As we go through the informations collected in this survey it can be seen that there is really high one-dimensionality in the betterment of the patients with shoulder impingement syndrome in both conventional physical therapy and physical therapy with joint mobilisation. However it can be seen that the magnitude of betterment in the experimental group is much more greater than the control group. It should be emphasized here that the control group besides shows considerable betterment irrespective of the joint mobilisation, unluckily though the Abduction Range of Motion does non travel beyond 150 grades. It is for this ground that athletes come for physical therapy. The overhead activity is accomplished in the experimental group with scope increasing to every bit much as 175 grades. The internal rotary motion besides seems to increase more in the experimental group than the control group with scope addition to every bit much as 67o as against the 50 grades of the control group. This is in concurrence with the literature reappraisal and besides it seems that internal rotary motion is more affected than the external rotary motion. It is besides reflected in the form of recovery in external rotary motion to about 80 plus grades. Probably the capsular forms have a say in this recovery. The abduction besides seems to demo greater divergences from the mean difference likely because it has much more functional significance than other motions taken into consideration. Pain has decreased more than half the original in experimental group because of the rectification of pathomechanics and decompression provided by the joint mobilisation. Control group by contrast shows merely approximately 45 % lessening in the hurting. It should be noted that hurting may do early muscular weariness due to unnatural enlisting forms ( musculuss are less compliant during hurting ) . This leads to abnormal joint motion perceptual experience which may further augment the job doing more uncomfortableness and harm than the original injury itself. 7. Decision The literature reappraisal done and the statistical analysis done from the informations collected from this survey have shown that joint mobilisation is a technique that can assist in early recovery of the ailing jock. This survey has the restriction that it analyses jocks from assorted featuring activities and has been done merely in 14 topics which is quite a little sample. farther surveies which has larger sample size and more distinct choice control will throw much better visible radiation on the betterment form herein observed. The overall intervention should stress on the rotational and abduction constituents of the shoulder motions which predispose the joint constructions to be more profound emphasis than other motions. The conservative intervention of the shoulder encroachment syndrome is more aggressive than antecedently advocated. However there should be some cautiousness if there is supraspinatus engagement for which bizarre burden is contraindicated. Finally it can be through empirical observation stated that joint mobilisation is a valuable constituent in the comprehensive rehabilitation of the shoulder impingement syndrome patients and should be used judiciously after thorough clinical rating for associated comorbidities that contraindicate mobilisation. 8. APPENDIX 8.1 Particular TESTS Drop Arm Test: If the patient can non prolong abduction against minimum opposition or lower his arm swimmingly the trial is positive, implicating a supraspinatus sinew or rotator turnup tear. Impingement Syndrome Test: If inactive compaction of greater tubercle against the coracoacromial ligament or acromian reproduces the hurting, the trial is positive, implicating bicipital or suprapinatus sinew or subcromial Bursa pathology. Yergason Trial: Resisted elbow flexure and shoulder median shoulder rotary motion reproduce hurting or snapping in the anterior upper arm, the trial is positive implicating instability of the long caput of biceps sinews in the bicipital channel. Subacromial Compression Test: The judge positioned one manus over the acromian of the shoulder blade for stabilisation. The other manus was positioned on the ulnar proximal forearm. The arm was passively elevated into the stabilised acromian. Then the cubitus flexed to 90Es and forearm in a relaxed, palm down place. Once elevated, the arm was moved anteriorly and posteriorly in the horizontal plane, trying to compact all parts of the subacromial articulation thereby reproduce hurting. Following each trial the topic was asked to rate his or her strivings in ocular parallel graduated table. 8.2 Mobilization Prior to soft tissue intervention, the experimental group received a series of mobilisation techniques to the subacromial and glenohumeral articulations. The technique was styled by MAITLAND described in Carolyn Kisner & A ; Lynn Allen Colby, depending on the way of limitation in the capsular extensibility of each topic, following four separate techniques were employed. Inferior semivowel ( fig-a ) Posterior semivowel ( fig-b ) Anterior semivowel ( fig-c ) Long axis grip ( fig-d )

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Masters Research Proposal Assignment - Dissertation Example Some empirical research provides evidence in support of such an assumption (Jenkins, Mitra, Gupta & Shaw, 1998; Brown and Heywood, 2002), others however, within the realms of psychology indicate that incentives can in fact have adverse effects on performance (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Deci, Koestner & Ryan, 1999; Ryan & Deci, 2000; Deci & Ryan 2003). A growing and more substantial body of research and studies provide evidence of conflict between intrinsic motivation (a person’s own motivation for undertaking a task) and extrinsic motivation (external and conditionally imposed motivation for undertaking a task) (Benabou & Tirole, 2003; Holmstrom & Milgrom, 1991; Kreps 1997). Motivational theorists consider that for each and every thing we do (behavior and actions) there is a fundamental reason or cause; in other words it influences our behaviour’, our choice of behaviour and its permanence, and the amount of effort put into it (Delmar & Wiklund, 2008). They also believe that ap preciation of the causes will enable prediction and thus allow for influence on those behaviors or actions (Franken, 2002). Current research and theories have evolved and advanced since those of Skinner (1938) who considered performance based on motivations from a behavioral viewpoint, while Maslow (1943; 1954) extended his needs hierarchy to accommodate motivation in terms of people seeking to satisfy needs within a systematic order that progresses from physiological, to safety, to social, to esteem and finally self-actualization. His needs hierarchy accounted for the significance of satisfying the needs of employees if motivation was to be induced and fostered (Nelson, 2009). Motivational research today focuses mainly on the determination of what spurs motivation - what stimulus is required to increase motivation - and takes both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation into consideration. Intrinsic motivation according to Oudeyer & Kaplon (2007) is best understood when contrasted with extrinsic motivation, which relates to any activity that is undertaken because of some of kind of reward or discrete outcome. Intrinsic motivation by contrastive definition refers to activities that are undertaken solely for pleasure with no price or value imposed on it (Ryan & Deci, 2000). An important distinction however, is that intrinsic and extrinsic do not mean the same as internal and external and are not synonymous. Internal motivations receive internal rewards, whereas external motivation receives external rewards; intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation however is not determined by where the reward comes from but on the type of reward that is given (Oudeyer & Kaplon, 2007). The theory of incentives has traditionally assumed that concrete or intangible -money, power or investments- (Hoy & Miskel, 1991) rewards given for specific activities with the intent of their re-occurrence will manifest motivation and in turn output; to some, this translates as the more money giv en by the employer the more effort there will be from the employee (Festre & Garrouste, n.d.). Researchers such as Benabou & Tirole (2003) have shown that monetary or tangible rewards are not always the best means for obtaining employee effort; they claim that intrinsic incentives can be ‘crowded out’ by extrinsic incentives (p.490). They further explain how incentives based on performance can have adverse effects on the perceptions of the activity or of a

A Report on Reasons why Governments Prefer Financial Systems featuring Essay

A Report on Reasons why Governments Prefer Financial Systems featuring Fixed - Essay Example On the other hand, a floating rate of exchange is the one that is moving and received currency depends on exchange time.To maintain their local exchange rate, central banks of European Union members bought and sold their own currency in foreign exchange markets, and in return, they acquired their pegged currency. For example, if the value of a single local unit currency is US$4, the central bank ensures that those dollars can be supplied in market by the country. High foreign reserve levels are required so as to maintain the rates (Eichengreen & Ricardo, 1999). High foreign reserve levels also ensure that there is good money supply thus preventing inflation/ deflation. An exchange rate refers to the rate at which one currency is exchanged for another. Therefore, it is the value of a country’s currency in terms of another. From 1870 to 1914, the global exchange rate was fixed. During that time, currency was likened to gold, implying that a local currency’s value was set at a fixed exchange rate that was determined in terms of gold ounces, that is, the gold standard (Eichengreen & Ricardo, 1999). This allowed free capital mobility and global stability in trade and currencies. The gold standard was abandoned when World War II started, but the end of the Second World War, the Breton Woods conference sought for efforts to stabilize the global economy and increasing global trade by establishing basic regulations and rules that governed international exchange. This led to the establishment of International Monetary Fund (IMF) for foreign trade promotion and monetary stability maintenance of countries and hence of the global economy. It was agreed that the exchange rate would be fixed, in terms of the US dollars, which was then pegged to gold (US$35 per ounce) (Obstfeld & Kenneth, 1995). This means that a currency’s value was directly converted in terms of its value to the US dollar. For example, to buy a euro, the Euros had to be converted into US dollars, and then into gold value. This peg was maintained till 1971, US dollar could not hold the pegged rate value of US$ 35per gold ounce. Since then, many governments adopted the floating rate system and attempts of returning to gold like a peg together with a global peg were completely abandoned. Why Governments Prefer Fixed/ Pegged Exchange Rates Governments prefer fixed exchange rates because they ensure economic stability, especially in current developing nations, where a country can decide to fix its currency in order to stabilize the atmosphere thus ensuring foreign investment. This is because a peg gives the investors their investment value, thus relieving them from fluctuation worries unlike under a float (Calvo, 2002). A pegged currency also helps in lowering inflation rates and generating demand, which further increases a currency’s stability confidence. However, fixed regimes can cause serious financial crises because it is hard to maintain a peg in the long r un. This was experienced in 1995 in Mexico, 1997 in Asia and Russia. Therefore, the governments could not meet the demands of a high value for their currencies to the peg resulting into overvaluing of their currencies. With panic and speculations, investors quickly removed their money out of these countries, and convert it to foreign currencies before the local currency was devalued against the peg. Eventually, foreign currencies became depleted. In Mexico, the government devalued the peso by 29.98%. Eventually, in Thailand, the government eventually allowed floating of

Components of Consumer Information Processing Case Study

Components of Consumer Information Processing - Case Study Example As a consumer, I consider myself a more of utilitarian than hedonic. This mean whenever I am shopping I always aim at maximizing utility. I view shopping as a task which I have to program first, then conduct a proper search in order to get the a product or a service with desired specifications to satisfy my need. I normally seek functional, instrumental, and practical benefits. A recent Study on why people go shopping has revealed that shopping experience can provide to the consumer with a combination of both utilitarian value and hedonic value. Utilitarian value is task oriented and cognitive in nature. On the other hand, hedonic value is tied to the emotional aspect of the shopping experience. A consumer perceive a utilitarian value if they acquire they acquire product that necessitated their shopping trip, while at the same time perceive hedonic value if they enjoyment of the shopping experience. For these reason although I put more emphasis on maximizing a product utility, I also enjoy a shopping experience that offer both utilitarian and hedonic value satisfaction. The components of the consumer information processing are important to the business in various aspects. First, it is important to note that the volume of sales as well as the profitability of the business depends on the consumer buying behavior. These components include the exposure stages, retention, yielding, comprehension, and the attention. The exposure component triggers the stimuli of the consumer to acquire the product. The information processing is important to the business in that attracts the attention of many consumers hence the customer base of the organization is bound to increase significantly (Roy and Ian 372). It facilitates the provision of the necessary information to the consumers and thus, helps the consumer in making decision to buy the product. It provides the clear image of the product whilst providing the consumer with information regarding

Executive summary for Corporate Finance Valuation Essay

Executive summary for Corporate Finance Valuation - Essay Example This is because it gives clear information on the return on investment and the shareholders value that is payable to investors. The analysis focuses on Balfour Beatty Corporation that is a high rank engineering company with global presence. The company provides a wide range of products and services with an aim of meeting its shareholders and customer needs promptly. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the company’s shareholders value, its key variables, sensitivity evaluation and issues that threatens to compromise its performance. The aim is to identify its performance level and viability that is critical in enabling accurate investment decisions. Introduction Balfour Beatty plc is a renowned corporation that focuses its synergy in providing quality infrastructural and engineering services. The company strives to achieve its key objective that is to be the leading producer of quality engineering services globally. It is also set with an aim to maximize its key resour ces to enhance shareholders value. The company started its operations in the year 1909 as a small entity with a capital base of 50,000million Pounds. It has recorded a tremendous growth that has seen it expand its network to over 80 countries. The company’s exemplary performance is attributable to its effective shareholders value management and product development. ... The company is also credited for its strong focus on shareholders value that remains a key driver of performance in most settings. The element that defines the amount of return on investment shareholders are to achieve is vital in ensuring sustainable growth. It has been one of the key drivers of the company’s performance and growth since it attracts more investors who inject colossal sums of funds. These funds help in steering growth and service delivery to customers who hold high expectations. Indeed, any organization that aspires to record exemplary performance or attract more investors especially in the current business environment should develop viable resource maximization techniques. This report aims at giving credible information based on corporate finance valuation with focus to shareholder value analysis. It adopts Balfour Beatty plc as its case study. Definition of SVA and its role Shareholder value analysis (SVA) is a performance indicator that measures the return on investment value that a company remits to shareholders (Ranadiv, 2009, P, 1). It gives a clear indication or information on the amount investors receive per shares held. It also measures a company’s financial capacity and value by comparing the returns that stockholders receive every financial year. This enables managers to make credible decisions pertaining to performance and attraction of new investors. Consequently, it facilitates investments decision-making since it gives investors a prior knowledge on a company’s performance and the expected returns (Ranadiv, 2009, P, 1). This is vital since investor’s interest is to earn returns on their investment and to receive refunds of the capital contribution.

Greek Mythology Essay Essay Example for Free

Greek Mythology Essay Essay There are many similarities and differences between Greek myths and what Genesis says. One example is the creation of man and the universe. Another example is how the first woman was created and what she was meant for. The last example is the Greek’s account of the flood compared to the Genesis account. The universe was created by thunder according to Greek myth. But in reality it was created by the voice of God saying in Genesis, Let there be, and it was. The word of God was distorted in the Greek myth by saying everything was created with thunder when really Gods voice was like thunder as it says in Job 40:9 Do you have an arm like Gods, and can your voice thunder like his?. Over time, the bible saying Gods voice sounds like thunder may have been perceived as just thunder in the Greek account. This is what may have caused the Greek myths of creation to become so distorted. There are also some similarities and differences between the Genesis and Greek account of the creation of woman. The first woman, Eve, was created out of Adams rib as Genesis says in chapter 20 verse 22 Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man. Genises also states that Eve was a gift from God to Adam, however, the Greek account states that the first woman, Pandora, was a punishment by God. These are just some of the distortions between the Genises account and the Greek myth. There are many similarities and differences between what the Genises account states and what the Greek account states about the flood. In the Greek account, Zues got angry at the world because of humanitys sins and wanted to destroy it. He was going to destroy the world with a thunder bolt when he dicided to flood it instead because otherwise heaven would light on fire. Really God never debated how to destroy the world, he just instantly choose to do it with a flood as it says in Genises 6:17, I am going to bring floodwaters on the earth to destroy all life under the heavens, every creature that has breath of life in it. Everything on earth will perish. God told Noah to build an ark and to put all living creatures, male and female, onto the ark for he was going to flood the earth. However, in the  Greek account Zues never warned humanity of the flood, he just had Posiden flood it and Hades create earthquakes. Two humans found refuge on a mountain that the waters didnt reach. These are just some examples of the distortions between Greek myth and the Genises account. In conclusion, the Greek account of the creation of man, how the first woman was created and what she was meant for, and their account of the flood compared to the Genises account all have many similarities and differences. One thing that may have caused these distortions of the Genises account is the bibles use of figurative language and people perceiving it the wrong way.

Unconscious Communication and Defence Mechanisms

Unconscious Communication and Defence Mechanisms According to Frayne[1] unconscious communication is one of the three types of communication, the other two being conscious and preconscious. To the clinician, it is critical to understand the full nature of unconscious communication, defence mechanisms and the manner in which these interact in the therapeutic environment[2]. The therapeutic environment is often prey to issues of transference, countertransference and a multitude of defence mechanisms. As a result, it is essential that the clinician understand how issues of transactional analysis impact both the patient and therapist. The therapeutic setting is one based on a close relationship, that of patient and clinician. Both parties bring their own beliefs and perceptions, personality, stages of development and behaviours to the therapeutic experience. As a result, both parties are prey to their own types of unconscious communication and use of various defence mechanisms. Frayne[3] states â€Å"Contemporary psychoanalytic interventions (require that) the analyst be able to work in that transitional field that joins the unconscious of the patient and the analyst.† This paper will highlight the many concepts involved in the roles of unconscious communication, defence mechanisms, transactional analysis and the transference and countertransference experience. In order to highlight these issues and how they can manifest themselves, this paper will present the case of B.A., a 13-year-old child who has been in the therapeutic setting for 5 months. Following the case presentation, topics will be explored in a reflective manner. Case Presentation B.A. is a 13-year-old Caucasian male who presented to the therapeutic setting as a result of maladaptive behaviour displayed at home and in the school setting. B.A. is one of four children born to working class parents, both of whom work a traditional 8:30 – 6:00 work day. B. A. is second oldest and the only male child. His other sisters are 15, 10 and 7 years of age, respectively. B.A. has had history of excellent grades, mostly As and a few Bs for the majority of his public education and has been cited as a good citizen by his teachers. Five months ago, B.A.s grades significantly dropped to near failing, his attitude was oppositional, he was frequently truant and B.A. became involved with numerous fights with other children. When school counsellors brought the issues to B.A.s parents, his parents acknowledged that B. A. changed at home as well, being oppositional and defiant. Both his teachers and parents cited increased frequency of lying and his parents stated â€Å"It is getting impossible to tell the difference between when he is telling us the truth or a lie. We wonder if he even knows the difference anymore, whether he believes his lies really are the truth.† Upon closer familial examination, B. A.s parents admitted they had been having marital problems, including issues of betrayal and infidelity such that there have been â€Å"regular loud shouting matches† and arguments in the house. During those times B.A. would stay in his room and turn the volume on his stereo up, causing more stress within the household. The infidelity was first uncovered six months ago at which time B.A.s parents discussed divorce options, which B. A. overheard. A precipitating incident involving night time vandalism four months ago at his school led to court involvement and mandated psychological counselling for a period of one year. The reflective nature of this paper is based on two months of bi-weekly therapeutic sessions. Unconscious Communication Frayn[4] tells us that unconscious communication can only be inferred, as it cannot be tangibly seen, but only sensed in the therapeutic setting, primarily during those times of silence. There were many times that B.A. maintained his silence, primarily during those times when he was challenged to explain his behaviour, justify his actions or explain his thought processes. Although his overt actions during these silent periods could be interpreted as insolent behaviour, there was no way to truly know what unconscious mechanisms were engaged, but a series of defence mechanisms were evident in his therapy and were inferred as greatly influenced by the unconscious process[5]. Defence Mechanisms Frayn[6] believes that unconscious processes are often a form of â€Å"acting out† in the therapeutic environment, in particular those under age seven, where children find it easier to act instead of talk[7]. This is particularly evident in the transactional analysis approach when dealing with dysfunctional or challenged adolescents, like B.A. who respond with childlike reactions when stressed. In particular, Araujo, Feldman and Steiner[8] state that defence mechanisms are a function of age, sex and status of mental health. In particular, those unconscious actions and reactions are involuntary but serve to reduce a perceived threat as reality-distorting mechanisms postulated to form themselves in the unconscious[9]. Araujo et al. [10] state that youths with psychological issues have a tendency to display less mature defence mechanism such as â€Å"denial, projection, regression, passive aggression and displacement† even though they are considered ineffective coping stra tegies for an adolescent. More mature defence mechanisms are considered â€Å"sublimation, anticipation, affiliation, suppression and humour.† This concept is particularly important to the therapeutic environment as the defence mechanisms among mentally healthy early adolescents differ from the mentally healthy mid-adolescent. The older the individual on the child to mid-adolescent continuum, the less the patient should be employing immature defence mechanisms[11]. Similarly, the higher the level of emotional intelligence, the less one relies on maladaptive defence mechanisms that often prove inconsistent and illogical[12]. B.A.s impulsive and acting out behaviour coupled with his lies made therapy particularly difficult. Elaad[13] tells us that lying is a method of deceptive communication that provides an advantage to the deceiver, stating that those with poor social skills use methods of deception more frequently than others with lesser levels of guilt over their deception. From a transactional analysis standpoint, Elaad[14] states that the bad-child indulges in defence mechanisms that feel natural, as the ego state attem pts to rid itself of parental pressure. Clinicians need to be aware of developmental stages and influences, such as emotional intelligence in order to effectively intervene for the patient, especially if significant unconscious communication mechanisms are in place[15]. Given B.A.s familial discord, it was not difficult to see that when B.A. acted out or displayed other defence mechanisms, including his frequent lying, issues of transference were part of the therapeutic process. Transference The defence maturity model postulated by Vaillant[16] believes that defence projection is the result of unacceptable feelings or relations with another that are displaced and redirected away from one person and directed at a less-cared-for-person, often a therapist. For those patients experiencing unconscious emotions, many times patients will shift their unconscious feelings towards another person instead of dealing with them personally[17]. B.A. appears to be transferring and projecting his own unresolved parental/authoritarian conflicts on his therapist and although he displays occasional glimmers of wanting to please and receive the favour of his therapist and gain a feeling of security, the security he used to feel with his parents before the familial discord. Countertransference Haarhoff[18] tells us that for the therapist, an awareness of countertransference, whereby the therapist unconsciously projects their own unresolved conflicts on the patient can have negative repercussions and consequences if the therapist ignores â€Å"or fails to understand his or her own emotional reactions† including the inability to set limits with a patient, feel inhibited to discuss various topics and other manifestations of avoidant behaviour. As a therapist, issues of countertransference are also paramount in B.A.s therapy, as feeling of anger at being lied to or suspecting that B.A. is lying during therapy sessions creates feelings of wasted time when time in for sessions is limited and B.A. avoids various topics and time management is one of the personal stressors this writer experiences. Awareness of countertransference creates boundary issues with a therapist[19]. In particular with B.A., it appears that a more demanding and controlling nature seems to overshadow the therapeutic process. Conclusion The use of defence mechanisms in the therapeutic environment is important to identify, as, according to Reisner[20] different types of neuroses are associated with different types of defence mechanisms. For example, those who are high in hysterical identifiers are more likely to employ repression as a defence mechanism where those who are obsessive compulsive, considered sensitizers, are hypervigilant to any kind of threatening stimuli[21]. Feldman and Steiner[22] believe that the more a therapist knows about defence mechanisms, particularly those who deal with children and adolescents, that knowledge can be used to predict levels of pathology among their patients. Aalto-Setala et al. [23] tell us that unconscious behaviours, such as communication and defence mechanisms are associated with an effort by the patient to manage their conflict. In particular, researchers found that the greater levels of immature defence mechanism use by adolescents â€Å"is associated with the onset of mood disorders in adults[24].† Successful therapeutic intervention must assess both conscious and unconscious communication in the patient and therapist. Bibliography Aalto-Setala, Terhi, Lonnqvist, Jouko, Poikolainen, Kari and Tuulio-Henriksson, Annamari. Psychological Defence Styles in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Follow-up Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997. Araujo, Katy B., Feldman, S. Shirley and Steiner, Hans. Defense Mechanisms in Adolescents as a Function of Age, Sex, and Mental Health Status. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996. Cashwell, Craig S., Schweiger, Wendi K. and Watts, Randolph H., Jr. Fostering Intrinsic motivation in Children: A Humanistic Counseling Process. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development. 2004. Clark, Arthur J. Scapegoating: Dynamics and Interventions in Group Counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development. 2002. Elaad, Eitan. Detection of Deception: A Transactional Analysis Perspective. The Journal of Psychology. 1993. Feldman, S. Shirley and Steiner, Hans. Two Approaches to the Measurement of Adaptive Style: Comparison of Normal, Psychosomatically Ill, and Delinquent Adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995. Frayn, Douglas H. Unconscious Communication and its Relational Manifestations in the Analytic Process. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis. 1998. Haarhoff, Beverly A. The Importance of Identifying and Understanding Therapist Schema in Cognitive Therapy Training and Supervision. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 2006. Jones, Alun C. Transference and Countertransference. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2004. Murray, Robert J. The Therapeutic Use of Forgiveness in Healing Intergenerational Pain. Counseling and Values. 2002. OReilly-Knapp, Marye and Erskine Richard G. Core Concepts of an Integrative Transactional Analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal. 2003. Pellitteri, John. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Ego Defense Mechanisms. The Journal of Psychology. 2002. Pires dos Santos, Manuel J. Countertransference in Psychotherapy and Psychiatry Today. Presented at the XXII Brazilian Congress of Psychiatry, Salvador B. A., Brazil. October 2004. Reisner, Andrew D. Repressed Memories: True and False. The Psychological Record. 1996. Footnotes [1]D. Frayn, Unconscious Communication and Its Relational Manifestations in the Analytic Process, Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1998) 207. [2]Frayn 208. [3]Frayn 207. [4]Frayn 208. [5]Frayn 210. [6]Frayn 211. [7]Frayn 211. [8]K. B. Araujo, S. S. Feldman and H. Steiner, Defense Mechanisms in Adolescents as a Function of Age, Sex and Mental Health Status, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1996. [9]A. Freud 1966 as cited by Araujo et al. [10]K. B. Araujo et al. 1996. [11]K. B. Araujo et al. 1996. [12]J. Pellitteri, The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Ego Defense Mechanisms, The Journal of Psychology, 2002. [13]E. Elaad, Detection of Deception: A Transactional Analysis Perspective, The Journal of Psychology, 1993. [14]Elaad 1996. [15]Pellitteri 2002. [16]Vaillant, 1986 as cited by S. S. Feldman and H. Steiner, Two approaches to the Measurement of Adaptive Style: Comparison of Normal, Psychosomatically Ill and Delinquent Adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1995. [17]Pellitteri, 2002. [18]B. A. Haarhoff, The Importance of Identifying and Understanding Therapist Schema in Cognitive Therapy Training and Supervision, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 2006. [19]Haarhoff 2006. [20]A. D. Reisner, Repressed Memories: True and False. The Psychological Record, 1996. [21]Reisner 1996. [22]Feldman and Steiner 1995. [23]Aalto-Setala et al. 1997. [24]Feldman and Steiner 1995; T. Aalto-Setala, J. Lonnqvist, K. Poikolainen and A. Tuulio-Henriksson, Psychological Defense Styles in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Follow-up Study, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997.

Protestant Propaganda Essay -- Ireland Propaganda Essays

Protestant Propaganda What do you think of when you hear the name Ireland? Ireland is a relatively small island off the coast of Great Britain with a land area of 32,424 square miles (Delaney 2). There are several things that you may associate with this country such as St. Patrick’s Day, shamrocks, beer, and strife. The source of the bitterness behind this conflict began centuries ago, when Britain came over and forced Protestantism on the Irish Catholic inhabitants. For this reason there has always been an animosity between the Protestants and the Irish Catholics. The island is broken up into two distinct regions. The Republic of Ireland consists of twenty-six counties, which make up the southern region. This area is predominantly Roman Catholic. Northern Ireland is made up of the six northern counties, which are under British rule and predominately Protestant. Both sides use propaganda to spread their ideas and gain support. They each have organizations, such as the I.R.A., in the south, and the U.V.F., in the north, which use peaceful methods such as newspapers and murals along with violence to fight for their cause. In Northern Ireland the Protestants used their position in the government to spread anti-Catholic propaganda and persecute the Catholic citizens. One way the Unionists, supporters of British rule whose majority is Protestant in faith, used the church is to help spread their anti-Catholic propaganda. Some Protestant ministers such as the Reverend Ian Paisley used pulpit to express his opinion. Catholics. Once while preaching in Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, Reverend Paisley â€Å"calls down contumely on ... ... deadly. I do not think that the peaceful methods such as the use of newspapers, poetry, and film are as bad because they are nonviolent and do not physically harm anyone. However, I do not agree with the use of violence, such as, that on Bloody Sunday, nor do I agree with the use of the Lord’s house to teach hate and discrimination. It is not right to use the church for this purpose. One should not teach hate under the guise of God. It is also wrong to pass laws in order to persecute a minority. I can understand the reasons they did this, to gain and keep control, however that doesn’t make it right. The Protestants and Unionists were not the only ones who used these methods of propaganda; the Catholics and Nationalists did as well. Some of these methods have been used since the beginning of the conflict and will most likely continue for generations to come.